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Showing posts with label
famous inventors in chronological order
.
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Showing posts with label
famous inventors in chronological order
.
Show all posts
famous inventors in chronological order
Inventors
Archimedes (287 BCE – c. 212 BCE)
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Archimedes (287 BCE – c. 212 BCE) Archimedes of Syracuse was an ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Amongst other things he calculated pi and developed the Archimedes screw for lifting up water from mines or wells.
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Archimedes Screw (3rd Century BC).
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Archimedes Screw (3rd Century BC). Invented by Archimedes of Syracuse, this innovative design enabled water to be pulled uphill against gravity.
Ts’ai Lun [AD 50-121]
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Chinese inventor of paper. Cai Lun was a Chinese political administrator credited with inventing modern paper and inventing the paper-making process. His invention included the use of raw materials such as bark, hemp, silk and fishing net. The sheets of fibre were suspended in water before removing for drying.
Paper (105)
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Paper (105) Tsai Lun – Lun was an official in the Chinese civil service. He reported and developed its use in recording the business of the Chinese state.
Ts’ai Lun [AD 50-121]
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Chinese inventor of paper. Cai Lun was a Chinese political administrator credited with inventing modern paper and inventing the paper-making process. His invention included the use of raw materials such as bark, hemp, silk and fishing net. The sheets of fibre were suspended in water before removing for drying.
Johannes Gutenberg 1394-1468
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[printing press] Johann Gutenbergh (1395 – 1468) – German inventor of the printing press. Gutenberg’s invention of movable type started a printing revolution which was influential in the Reformation.
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Printing Press (1450)
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Printing Press (1450) The first printing press was designed by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany. The printing press played a key role in the Protestant Reformation – as pamphlets and books were mass produced for the first time, helping to spread new ideas more quickly.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
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Italian artist, scientist and polymath. Da Vinci invented a huge range of machines and drew models that proved workable 3-500 years later. These included prototype parachutes, tanks, flying machines and single-span bridges. More practical inventions included an optical lens grinder and various hydraulic machines. painter of Sistine Chapel
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) – Italian astronomer, scientist and philosopher, who played a leading role in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo improved the telescope and made many significant discoveries in astronomy. His findings encouraged him to speak out for the Copernican view that the earth revolved around the sun. However, his views were considered heretical, and he was placed under house arrest. His greatest scientific works included Two New Sciences about kinetics and the strength of materials. Italian scientist. Galileo developed a powerful telescope and confirmed revolutionary theories about the nature of the world. Also developed an improved compass.
Thermometer (17th Century)
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Thermometer (17th Century) Galileo Galilei (Italy) claimed the invention of a thermoscope which showed changes in temperature as liquid expanded and contracted. Many other scientists contributed to the development of the thermometer. (G.Bianchi and Robert Fludd)
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Issac Newton (1642–1726)
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English scientist. Newton invented the reflecting telescope. This greatly improved the capacity of telescopes and reduced optical distortion. Newton was also a great physicist and astronomer.
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Clocks (1656)
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Clocks (1656) Christian Huygens developed the pendulum which made primitive clocks more accurate.
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Thomas Savery (c. 1650–1715)
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Thomas Savery (c. 1650–1715) English inventor. Savery patented one of the first steam engines which was pioneered for use in pumping water from mines. This original Savery steam engine was basic, but it was used as a starting point in later developments of the steam engine.
Steam Engines (1698)
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Steam Engines (1698) Thomas Savery developed the first crude pressure-cooker style steam engine. Thomas Newcomen (1712) significantly developed this with an atmospheric steam engine (pumping steam into a cylinder) James Watt (1765) improved this with a condenser that could cool while the cylinder was hot. Watt’s steam engine became the dominant design of the industrial revolution
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Thomas Newcomen (1664–1729)
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Thomas Newcomen (1664–1729) English inventor who created the first practical steam engine for pumping water from mines. He worked with Savery’s initial design, but significantly improved it, using atmospheric pressure which was safer and more effective for use in mines to remove water.
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Jethro Tull (1674–1741)
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Jethro Tull (1674–1741) English agricultural entrepreneur. Tull invented the seed drill and horse-drawn hoe. The seed drill improved the efficiency of farming and led to increased yields. It was an important invention in the agricultural revolution which increased yields prior to the industrial revolution.
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Abraham Darby (1678–1717)
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Abraham Darby (1678–1717) English Quaker, inventor and businessman. Darby developed a process for producing large quantities of pig iron from coke. Coke smelted iron was a crucial raw material in the industrial revolution.
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John Harrison (1693–1776)
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John Harrison (1693–1776) English carpenter and clockmaker. He invented a device for measuring longitude at sea. This was a crucial invention to improve the safety of navigating the oceans.
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Benjamin Franklin (1705–1790)
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Benjamin Franklin (1705–1790) American polymath who discovered electricity and invented the Franklin stove, the lightning rod and bifocals. Franklin was also an American statesman and an influential figure in the development of modern America.
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William Cullen (1710–1790)
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William Cullen (1710–1790) Scottish physician and chemist. He is credited with inventing the basis for the first artificial refrigerator, although it took others to make his designs suitable for practical use.
James Watt 1736–1819)
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Refrigerators (1748)
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Refrigerators (1748) -William Cullen (Scotland) Cullen displayed the first successful refrigeration at the University of Glasgow. Fridges use rapid cooling of gases as the main source of their artificial cooling effect. In 1805 Oliver Evans (US) invented the first refrigerator machine.
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John Wilkinson (1728–1808)
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John Wilkinson (1728–1808) English industrialist. John ‘Iron Mad’ Wilkinson developed the manufacture and use of cast iron. He developed a boring machine.These precision-made cast iron cylinders were important in steam engines.
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Richard Arkwright (1732–1792)
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Richard Arkwright (1732–1792) English entrepreneur and ‘father of the industrial revolution.’ Arkwright was a leading pioneer in the spinning industry. He invented the spinning frame and was successful in using this in mass-scale factory production.
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James Watt (1736–1819)
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James Watt (1736–1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer and chemist – he is famous for developing the first steam engine with a wide range of uses. His inventions greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine and enabled it to become a pivotal part of the Industrial Revolution. Scottish inventor of the steam engine, which was suitable for use in trains. His invention of a separate condensing chamber greatly improved the efficiency of steam. It enabled the steam engine to be used for a greater range of purpose than just pumping water.
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George Stephenson (1781-1848)
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George Stephenson (1781-1848)
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George Stephenson (1781-1848)
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Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), Italian physicist, credited with inventing the battery. Volta invented the first electrochemical battery cell. It used zinc, copper and an electrolyte, such as sulphuric acid and water.
Battery (1800)
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Battery (1800) Voltaic Pile. Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist developed the first battery which gave a steady current using alternating layers of copper and zinc. Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949.
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Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823)
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Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) was an English doctor who helped create and popularise a vaccination for smallpox. Through his pioneering work, he helped save the lives of countless people, and over time became known as the ‘father of immunology’ and later vaccinations.
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Eli Whitney 1765-1825
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[cotton gin- separates seeds, hulls from cotton]
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Humphrey Davy (1778–1829)
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Humphrey Davy (1778–1829) English inventor of the Davy lamp. The lamp could be used by miners in areas where methane gas existed because the design prevented a flame escaping the fine gauze.
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Louis Daguerre (1787 – 1851)
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Louis Daguerre (1787 – 1851) was a French artist, printmaker and inventor who was best known for the invention of his Daguerreotype of photography. This was a key invention in the development of the modern camera and is widely considered the birth of the modern camera. Camera (1839) Louis Daguerre, a French innovator, spent many years developing the process of photography. In 1839, he made the first camera which enabled a permanent photograph to be taken. In 1889, George Eastman invented the flexible role of film which enabled photography to be much more practical.
Camera (1839
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Charles Babbage (1791–1871)
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Charles Babbage (1791–1871) English mathematician and inventor. Babbage created the first mechanical computer, which proved to be the prototype for future computers. Considered to be the ‘Father of Computers,’ despite not finishing a working model.
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Michael Faraday (1791- 1867)
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Michael Faraday (1791- 1867) was an influential British scientist who, amongst other discoveries, helped turn electricity into a property that could be easily used. English scientist who helped convert electricity into a format that could be easily used. Faraday discovered benzene and also invented an early form of the Bunsen burner.
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William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)
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William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) British Victorian pioneer of photography. He invented the first negative, which could make several prints. He is known for inventing the calotype process (using Silver Chloride) of taking photographs.
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Concrete (1824)
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Concrete (1824) English inventor, Joseph Aspdin developed hydraulic cement, which used a mix of limestone, clay and aggregate.
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Matches (1826)
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Matches (1826) John Walker (English) developed the first friction match which could be lit by striking sandpaper. The first safety match originated in 1844 created by a Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch.
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Louis Braille (1809–1852)
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Louis Braille (1809–1852) French inventor. Louis Braille was blinded in a childhood accident. He developed the Braille system of reading for the blind. He also developed a musical Braille, for reading music scores.
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Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)
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Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist who developed antidotes and cures to many dangerous illnesses such as anthrax and rabies. He also successfully invented a way to pasteurise milk and make it safe from tuberculosis. Pasteur also illustrated how germs grew from contamination and disproved the theory of spontaneous contamination.
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James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)
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James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) Scottish physicist and inventor. Maxwell invented the first process for producing colour photography.
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Nikolaus August Otto [1832-1891]
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Nikolaus August Otto was a German engineer who developed an effective internal combustion engine. Otto’s development of a four-stroke engine significantly reduced the weight and increased the power of a petrol engine, making petrol-powered cars a realistic proposition and alternative to steam power. It ushered in a new era of the automobile, which changed life for millions in the Twentieth Century.
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Alfred Nobel 1833 - 1896
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The founder of the prestigious Nobel Prizes made his fortune with a big bang by inventing dynamite, a stabilized form of nitroglycerin
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Karl Benz (1844–1929)
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Karl Benz (1844–1929), German inventor and businessman. Benz developed the petrol-powered car. In 1879, Benz received his first patent for a petrol-powered internal combustion engine, which made an automobile car practical. Benz also became a successful manufacturer.
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Thomas Edison 1847-1931
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Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed and made commercially available – many key inventions of modern life. His Edison Electric company was a pioneering company for delivering DC electricity directly into people’s homes. He filed over 1,000 patents for a variety of different inventions. Crucially, he used mass-produced techniques to make his inventions available at low cost to households across America. His most important inventions include the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera, an electric car and the electric power station.
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Railways (1830)
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Railways (1830) The first railways originated in England, and they played a key role in the industrial revolution – helping with the transfer of goods and people. For the first time, people could travel across the country in less than a day. George Stephenson built the first inter-city railway between Liverpool and Manchester in 1830
Samuel Morse
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Morse Code (1836)
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Telegraph (1835)
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Telegraph (1835) Samuel Morse (a professor of arts and design at New York University) effectively demonstrated that signals could be transmitted by wire using pulses of current deflected by electro-magnet. The Telegraph enabled long-distance communication, including transatlantic signals. Morse Code (1836) Samuel Morse (US) – Morse developed a system of dots and dashes to help send telegraphs over long distance wire
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Stamps (1837)
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Stamps (1837) Rowland Hill proposed the first stamp as a way to offer cheap postal delivery. His proposals led to a universal postage system and the introduction of the first stamp – The Penny Black.
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Camera (1839
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Camera (1839) Louis Daguerre, a French innovator, spent many years developing the process of photography. In 1839, he made the first camera which enabled a permanent photograph to be taken. In 1889, George Eastman invented the flexible role of film which enabled photography to be much more practical.
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Bicycle (1839)
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Bicycle (1839) Kirkpatrick MacMillan, a Scottish blacksmith, is said to have developed the first two-wheeled pedal powered bicycle. In the 1860s, the Michaux or ‘boneshaker’ improved on this design and started a boom in bicycle use.
Antiseptics (1850)
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Antiseptics (1850) Dr Semmelweis a Hungarian physician was the first prominent doctor to make a strong link between the use of antiseptics and improving survival rates of women giving birth. His work was taken up by others, such as Joseph Lister who became a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
Ignaz Semmelweis
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Petrol (1859) Edwin Drake (US) Modern drilling and refinement of oil into petrol began around the middle of the Nineteenth Century. It enabled petrol to be used as a fuel in the internal combustion engine.
Edwin Drake
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Plastic (1862)
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Plastic (1862) Alexander Parkes (England) Parkes demonstrated a plastic which was made from heated cellulose and moulded into a shape. Other important developments include 1908 – Cellophane – Jacques E. Brandenberger.
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Barbed wire (1867)
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Barbed wire (1867) The first patent for barbed wire was awarded to Lucien B. Smith. Barbed wire became a very cheap way of creating an effective barrier. Initially used in agriculture to keep animals in certain areas. It became widely used for military purposes.
Aluminium (1880s)
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Aluminium (1880s) Aluminium is one of the most abundant metals. But, it was only in the 1880s that production processes were invented which enabled aluminium to be produced cheaply. Carl Wilhelm Siemens (US) developed a smelter to produce Aluminium from Bauxite ore in 1886. Aluminium is used extensively in building and aeroplane
Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922
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Alexander Bell (1847–1922) Scottish scientist credited with inventing the first practical telephone. Also worked on optical telecommunications, aeronautics and hydrofoils.
Telephone (1880s)
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Telephone (1880s) Graham Alexander Bell (Scotland) Antonio Meucci. (US) Both inventors have a claim for inventing the telephone – enabling the ability to speak to someone at a significant distance.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
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Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) American Physicist who invented fluorescent lighting, the Tesla coil, the induction motor, 3-phase electricity and AC electricity. Nikola Tesla developed the first AC electricity generator in 1892.
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Electricity (1832)
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Electricity (1832) Michael Faraday (England) and Joseph Henry (US) both built models of electricity generators. Nikola Tesla developed the first AC electricity generator in 1892.
Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913)
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Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), German inventor of the Diesel engine. Diesel sought to build an engine which had much greater efficiency. This led him to develop a diesel-powered combustion engine.
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Motor car (1886)
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Motor car (1886) Carl Benz (Germany) is credited with the first patent for the modern motor car with a petrol combustion engine. Many similar designs were developed around the same time.
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Édouard Michelin (1859–1940)
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Édouard Michelin (1859–1940), French inventor of a pneumatic tire. John Dunlop invented the first practical pneumatic tyre in 1887. Michelin improved on this initial design to develop his own version in 1889.
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Tyres (1890)
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Tyres (1890) THE story of the pneumatic or air-filled tyre in fact involves two famous Scottish inventors. Robert William Thomson from Stonehaven and John Boyd Dunlop from Dreghorn The pneumatic tyre was developed by John Boyd Dunlop in the 1880s. This helped to revolutionise transport – especially for the bicycle and motor car. The pneumatic tyre had an inner tube of air to help give a more comfortable ride than the solid tyres.
John Boyd Dunlop [1840-1921]
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Henry Ford 1863-1947
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[improve the assembly line for automobile manufacturing] Owner of Ford Motor Company. Revolutionised mass-production techniques
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Orville Wright (1871 – 1948)
Wilbur Wright. (1867 – 1912)
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The Wright brothers – Orville and Wilbur Wright are credited with building and flying the first heavier than air aeroplane. They achieved the first recorded flight on 17 December 1903. Over the next ten years, they continued to develop the aircraft making a significant contribution to the development of the modern aeroplane.
Aeroplane/aviation (1903)
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Aeroplane/aviation (1903) The first powered, heavier than air flight was undertaken by Orville Wright on December 17, 1903. The first aeroplane was made of wood. By 1909, they made a demonstration of flight around the Hudson River in New York. Aeroplane technology rapidly improved, and they were used for military means in the First World War.
Film (1895)
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Film (1895) Frenchman Louis Lumiere developed one of the first moving film recorders, which they called Cinematographe.
Guglielmo Marconi [1874-1937]
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Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor, best known for his work on inventing the radio and wireless signal transmissions. Marconi was born 25 April 1874 in Bologna. His father was an aristocratic landowner and a member of the Italian nobility; his mother was Irish/Scotish. For a short while, he lived in Bedford, England, where he learned to speak fluent English.
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Radio (1895)
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Radio (1895) G. Marconi (Italy) sent and received the first radio waves in 1895. Nikola Tesla took out the first patent for radio using his Tesla’s coil.
X-Rays (1903
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X-Rays (1903) The use of X-Rays were pioneered by William Coolidge who invented the Coolidge tube. Marie Curie’s work on radiology enabled a big advance in X-ray technology and it was used in the First World War.
Marie Curie
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Marie Curie (1867–1934) Polish/French scientist. Curie was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize and the first person to win the Nobel Prize for two separate categories. Her first award was for research into radioactivity (Physics, 1903). Her second Nobel prize was for Chemistry in 1911. A few years later she also helped develop the first X-ray machines.
Marie Curie (1867–1934)
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Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
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Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955) was born in East Ayrshire, Scotland in 1881. He was a biologist and pharmacologist most famous for his discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. He was awarded a Nobel Prize, jointly with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain for medicine in 1945
Penicillin (1928)
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Penicillin (1928) Discovered by Alexander Fleming (Scotland) who found the growth of penicillin on a jar of mould left overnight. Penicillin was later mass produced by Howard Florey (Aus) and a team of scientists enabling it to be used during the Second World War.
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John Logie Baird (1888–1946)
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John Logie Baird (1888–1946) Scottish inventor who invented the television and the first recording device.
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Television (1925)
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Television (1925) Many people contributed to the development of the TV. But, John Logie Baird is credited with displaying one of the first moving images on a TV screen. Logie made use of a Nipkow disc and a Cathode Ray Tube.
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)
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Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) Italian scientist who built and developed the nuclear reactor, which led to the creation of atomic bombs and nuclear power. Fermi also made important discoveries in induced radioactivity.
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J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967)
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J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967), United States – Atomic bomb. Oppenheimer was in charge of the Manhattan project which led to the creation of the first atomic bomb, later dropped in Japan. He later campaigned against his own invention.
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Alan Turing (1912–1954)
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Alan Turing (1912–1954) English 20th century mathematician, pioneer of computer science. He developed the Turing machine, capable of automating processes. It could be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm. British inventor of computer coding [cracked Enigma code]
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Cat eyes (1934)
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Cat eyes (1934) Developed by Percy Shaw of Halifax, England. Shaw’s design using a reflective lens embedded in the road; it enabled motorists to have better visibility when driving during the night.
Ballpoint pen (1938)
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Ballpoint pen (1938) László BÃró, a Hungarian newspaper editor, developed a more suitable ink and ball socket mechanism to prevent ink drying. He filed his first patent in 1938 for a ballpoint pen in Argentina. After the war, varieties of the ballpoint pen became commercially successful.
Hedy Lamarr 1914-2000
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Lamarr made her great breakthrough in the early years of World War II when trying to invent a device to block enemy ships from jamming torpedo guidance signals. No one knows what prompted the idea, but Antheil confirmed that it was Lamarr’s design, from which he created a practical model. They found a way for the radio guidance transmitter and the torpedo’s receiver to jump simultaneously from frequency to frequency, making it impossible for the enemy to locate and block a message before it had moved to another frequency. This approach became known as “frequency hopping.” [radio-guidance system for torpedoes]
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Robert Noyce (1927–1990)
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Robert Noyce (1927–1990) American 20th-century electrical engineer. Along with Jack Kilby, he invented the microchip or integrated circuit. He filed for a patent in 1959. The microchip fueled the computer revolution.
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Computer (1940-45)
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Computer (1940-45) Charles Babbage was considered the father of computers for his work on mechanical computation devices. But it was only in the 1940s that the first electronic computers were produced. For example, Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper developed the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944.
Fibre Optics (1958)
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Fibre Optics (1958) Modern fibre optics using high purity SiO2 (rather than copper wire) was developed by Sam DiVita (US) and Richard Sturzebecher (US). This enabled much more efficient communication.
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Ray Tomlinson (1941-2016)
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Email (1971)
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Email (1971) Ray Tomlinson (US) developed the first electronic communication message. The email was sent between two computers on the same network.
James Dyson (1947– )
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James Dyson (1947– ) British entrepreneur. He developed the bag-less vacuum cleaner using Dual Cyclone action. His Dyson company has also invented revolutionary hand dryers.
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Tim Berners-Lee (1955– )
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Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ) British computer scientist. Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web, which enabled the internet to display websites viewable on internet browsers. He developed the http:// protocol for the internet and made the world wide web freely available.
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Internet (1982)
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Internet (1982) The first internet protocol was established in 1982. In 1985, the first dot-com domain was registered. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web the first internet web browser.
Steve Jobs (1955–2011)
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Steve Jobs (1955–2011) American entrepreneur and developer. Jobs helped revolutionise personal computer devices with the iPod, iPad, Macbook and iPhone. He is credited with inventing the new wave of hand-held personal computer devices.
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Stephen Hawking
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British astonomer
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Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
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Theory of relativity.
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(1879 – 1955) German/ US scientist discovered Theory of Relativity.
Charles Darwin (1809 -– 1882)
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evolution "Origin of Species".
Christopher Columbus (1451–1506)
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Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) was an Italian explorer, colonizer, and navigator. He is remembered as the principal European discoverer of the Americas and he helped bring the Americas to the forefront of the western consciousness. His discoveries and travels laid the framework for the later European colonisation of Latin and North America.
Aristotle (384BC – 322BC)
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Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) was a Greek philosopher, natural scientist and polymath, who made extensive studies into the world around us. He was widely regarded as the greatest of the ancient thinkers and his extensive studies and writings had a lasting impact on science, philosophy and an approach based on reason and logical thinking. Whilst many of his teachings have been superseded – for over a 1,000 years his writings formed an important basis of western and Islamic culture.
Euclid (c. 325 BC – 265 BC)
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Euclid (c. 325 BC – 265 BC) – Greek Mathematician considered the “Father of Geometry”. His textbook ‘Elements’ remained a highly influential mathematics teaching book until the late 19th Century and is one of the most widely published books in the world. It has had a lasting influence on the sciences -, especially in mathematics.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) – Polish / Prussian mathematician and astronomer. Copernicus created a model of the universe which placed the sun at the centre of the universe (heliocentrism) – challenging the prevailing orthodoxy of the time – which believed the earth at the centre of the universe.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616).
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William Shakespeare (1564-1616). English poet and playwright – Shakespeare is widely considered to be the greatest writer in the English language. He wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets.
Alexander the Great (356 BC – 323 BC)
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Alexander the Great (356 BC – 323 BC) was perhaps the greatest military commander of all time. During one decade, he conquered all of the known world leaving one of the world’s most extensive empires.
Napoleon Bonaparte, (1769–1821)
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Napoleon Bonaparte, (1769–1821) later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who is considered one of the most influential figures in European history.
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
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Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a charismatic leader of the Nazi party, gaining power in 1933 and become dictator of Germany until his death in 1945. He led Germany in an aggressive war of conquest invading Western Europe and then the Soviet Union. Initially successful, his army then suffered a series of reverses, before the eventual complete defeat of his Nazi Germany in 1945. Hitler has become infamous as a personification of human evil. His name is inexorably linked to the Holocaust and extermination of Jews and other ‘undesirables’. He is also seen as the principal cause of the Second World War in which over 70 million people died. Yet, in the midst of the Great Depression, he captivated a nation with his mixture of charm, xenophobia, and ability to persuade.
Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658)
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Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658) is a contentious figure in British history. Some see him as a defender of Parliamentary democracy fighting a tyrannical King. It is argued his defence of Parliament led to the development of a modern democracy. However, others see him in a different light, pointing to his seizure of power as the ‘Lord Protectorate’ and the massacres of the Irish and Scots which were a form of genocide. He has also been criticised for his rigid puritanism, although in his reign Jews were permitted to re-enter Britain and there was a certain religious tolerance.
Michelangelo (1475–1564)
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Michelangelo (1475–1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet and architect. One of the most influential Western artists of all time, he is famous for his Statue of David, The Pieta and the great paintings of the Sistine Chapel, The Vatican.
Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)
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Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian Friar and Abbot, who is best known for his pioneering work on genetics and plant breeding. His experiments in breeding different varieties of peas illustrated laws of heredity and genetics, which later proved highly influential in the development of new strains of plants and animals. It was Mendel who was the first to highlight the role of recessive and dominant genes, which explain how certain characteristics, such as colour can skip a generation, but appear at a later date.
Joseph Lister [1827-1912]
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Joseph Lister was a surgeon who introduced principles of cleanliness and antiseptic routines, which drastically helped to improve survival rates from surgery. Overcoming opposition from within the medical profession, Lister successfully advocated and popularised the preventative methods until it became standard practise. Lister’s work increased the safety of major operations and enabled a greater ranger of surgery to be taken place. He is often referred to as the ‘father of modern surgery.’
Mahatma Gandhi (1869 – 1948)
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Mahatma Gandhi (1869 – 1948) Gandhi was the main leader of the Indian independence movement. He sought India to gain freedom from the British Empire and earn the right to self-government. For a long time, Britain resisted the calls for Indian independence. But, after several decades of campaigning, Indian independence was achieved in 1947. This signalled the end of the British Empire and soon Britain withdrew from many countries, returning power to the people who lived there.
Martin Luther King (1929 – 1968)
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Martin Luther King (1929 – 1968) Martin Luther King was a prominent civil rights leader in the US. He campaigned for civil rights for black people. At the time, many coloured people lacked basic democratic rights and the policy of segregation gave them a second-class treatment. The civil rights campaign of the 1960s helped ensure improved access to the political system for all sections of society.
Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965)
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Winston Churchill christ(1874 – 1965) Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Second World War. Churchill played a key role in strengthening British resolve in the dark days of 1940.
Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900)
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Oscar Wilde historical(1854 – 1900) – Irish writer. Wilde’s plays included biting social satire. He was noted for his wit and charm. However, after a sensational trial, he was sent to jail for homosexuality.
Abraham Lincoln(1809 – 1865)
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Abraham Lincoln(1809 – 1865) 16th President of US. Lincoln led the northern Union forces during the civil war to protect the Union of the US. During the civil war, Lincoln also promised to end slavery.
William Wilberforce (1759 – 1833)
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William Wilberforce (1759 – 1833) – British MP and campaigner against slavery. Wilberforce was a key figure in influencing British public opinion and helping to abolish slavery in 1833.
Walter Raleigh (1552 – 1618)
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Walter Raleigh (1552 – 1618) – English explorer who made several journeys to the Americas, including a search for the lost ‘Eldorado.’
Marco Polo (1254 – 1324)
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Marco Polo (1254 – 1324) Venetian traveller and explorer who made ground-breaking journeys to Asia and China, helping to open up the Far East to Europe.
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
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Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) German mathematician and astronomer who created laws of planetary motion.
Vasco da Gama (1460s –1524)
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Vasco da Gama (1460s –1524) Portuguese explorer, first European to reach India and establish a route for imperialism.
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