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famous scientists in chronological order
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Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC)
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Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) – Hippocrates was a great doctor of ancient Greece. His pioneering techniques of health care significantly improved survival rates, and he has become the father of modern medicine. His Hippocratic oath is still sworn by medical practitioners today.
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Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)
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Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) Greek scientist who made investigations and discoveries in the natural sciences including botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, meteorology and geometry. His prolific output had a significant impact on the study of science in the West.
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Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC)
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Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC) Greek mathematician. Euclid is often referred to as the ‘father of modern geometry.’ His book ‘Elements‘ provided the basis of mathematics into the Twentieth Century.
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Archimedes (287 – 212 BC)
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Archimedes (287 – 212 BC) Greek polymath. Amongst other things Archimedes worked out Pi and developed the Archimedes screw for lifting up water from mines or wells.
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Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
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Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Italian artist and Renaissance man. Da Vinci made many scientific discoveries and inventions. Da Vinci was so far ahead of his time; some of his contributions were not actually used.
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Nicholaus Copernicus (1473- 1543)
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Nicholaus Copernicus (1473- 1543) Polish scientist. A Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric view of the universe. His book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543) was one of the major moments of the Scientific Revolution.
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17th Century Scientists
Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
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Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) English philosopher, statesman and scientist. Bacon is considered the father of empiricism for his work and advocacy of scientific method and methodical scientific inquiry in investigating scientific phenomena.
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Galileo (1564 – 1642)
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Galileo (1564 – 1642) Italian scientist. Created one of the first modern telescopes, Galileo revolutionised our understanding of the world, supporting the work of Copernicus. His work Two New Sciences laid the groundwork for the science of Kinetics and strength of materials.
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Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
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Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. Kepler is best known for his laws of planetary motion. He formed a key figure in the 17th Century Scientific Revolution.
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18th Century Scientists
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723) Dutch scientist and trader. Leeuwenhoek is considered the father of microbiology for his work in discovering single-celled organisms and also observing muscle fibres, blood flow and bacteria. He developed the microscope which helped his own discoveries.
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Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
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Isaac Newton (1642-1726) English scientist. Newton made studies in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy. In his Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he laid the foundations for classical mechanics, explaining the law of gravity and the Laws of Motion.
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John Harrison (1693 – 1776)
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John Harrison (1693 – 1776) English clockmaker and inventor of measuring longitude.
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James Watt (1736 – 1819)
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James Watt (1736 – 1819) Scottish engineer. Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine creating an efficient steam engine, which was essential for the industrial revolution.
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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743 – 1794)
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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743 – 1794) French Chemist and Nobleman. Considered the ‘Father of Chemistry’ Lavoisier discovered hydrogen and Oxygen and showed the role of Oxygen in combustion. He also made the first comprehensive list of Table of Elements. He was guillotined shortly after the French Revolution.
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Caroline Herschel (1750-1848)
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Caroline Herschel (1750-1848) German astronomer. She worked on the classification and calculation of astronomical objects and identified new comets and nebulae. She also worked on the classification of stars. After moving to England with her brother, she became the first women to be given a paid scientific post. In 1828 she was the first women to be honoured by the Royal Astronomical Society for her work on classifying the night sky.
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Scientists 19th Century
Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871)
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Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871) – English inventor of the first mechanical computers. Babbage is considered the ‘father of computers’ for his pioneering work on mechanical computers.
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Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867)
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Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) – English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, electrolysis and electrochemistry. Discovered Carbon and Chlorine.
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Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823)
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Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) English pioneer of smallpox vaccine. Jenner’s breakthrough also enabled many other vaccines to be developed.
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Mary Somerville (1780-1872)
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Mary Somerville (1780-1872) English scientist. Somerville published research into the effects of magnetism, but became best known for her popular scientific books. In 1827, Somerville was encouraged to write an easy to understand explanation of scientific principals. Her first book ‘The Mechanism of the Heavens’ was a distillation of Celestial Mechanics and Newton’s work. She also went onto write popular books on geography, physical sciences and Molecular sciences. With Caroline Herschel, she was the first women elected to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1835.
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Mary Anning (1799 – 1847)
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Mary Anning (1799 – 1847) English palaeontologist who played an important role in understanding the prehistoric natural world. She collected fossils on the south-west coast of England (around Lyme Regis) and discovered many important fossil collections. Her work was widely used by geologists, though as a woman, she was not accepted into the scientific community of the nineteenth century.
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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
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Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) English scientist. Darwin developed the theory of evolution against a backdrop of disbelief and scepticism. Collected evidence over 20 years, and published conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1859).
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Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)
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Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) English mathematician. Daughter of Lord Byron, Lovelace developed an interest in maths and logic and worked with Charles Babbage writing one of the first computer algorithms – Work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace saw the potential of computers to be more than just calculating machines.
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Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)
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Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) French biologist. Contributed substantially towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious diseases. Also enabled the process of pasteurisation to make milk safer to drink.
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Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)
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Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884) German scientist and Augustinian Friar. Mendel is considered the founder of modern genetics for his discoveries about plant breeding and rules of heredity.
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Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912)
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Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912) English surgeon. Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic (Carbolic acid) and antiseptic surgery which dramatically improved survival rates.
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James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
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James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish physicist. Maxwell made a significant contribution to understanding electromagnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics laid the foundation for quantum physics.
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Emil Fischer (1838–1914)
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Emil Fischer (1838–1914) – German. Fischer was the outstanding chemist of the modern age. He synthesised many products to show their constituent parts. Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902 for his research into the chemical composition of purines and sugars.
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Scientists 20th Century
Alfred Nobel (1833 – 1896)
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Alfred Nobel (1833 – 1896) Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Nobel invented dynamite and held 350 other patents, including for a gas meter. Perhaps most famous for his legacy of Nobel awards.
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Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907)
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Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) Russian Chemist. Formulated the Periodic Law and standardised the Periodic Table of Elements, which is still used today. Mendeleev wrote Principles of Chemistry (1868–1870) a classic textbook for many decades.
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Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836 – 1917)
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Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836 – 1917) Pioneering female physician. Overcoming obstacles and discrimination, she became the first female registered doctor in Britain. Anderson also helped found the first teaching college for female doctors.
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Alexander Bell (1847 – 1922)
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Alexander Bell (1847 – 1922) – Scottish inventor of the telephone and developments in understanding hearing.
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Sigmund Freud (1885 – 1939)
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Sigmund Freud (1885 – 1939) Austrian physician – the leading figure in the new science of psychoanalysis. Freud made an extensive study of dreams and the subconscious to try and understand better human emotions.
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Marie Curie (1867 – 1934)
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Marie Curie (1867 – 1934) Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered radiation and helped to apply it in the field of X-ray. She won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and Physics.
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Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)
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Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) German/US physicist. Einstein revolutionised modern physics with his general theory of relativity. Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect, which formed the basis of Quantum Theory.
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Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
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Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Scottish biologist who discovered penicillin. Shared Nobel Prize in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain, who helped produce penicillin on a large scale.
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Otto Hahn (1879 – 1968)
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Otto Hahn (1879 – 1968) German chemist who discovered nuclear fission (1939). Pioneering scientist in the field of radiochemistry. Discovered radio-active elements and nuclear isomerism (1921). Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry. (1944)
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Nikola Tesla (1856 –1943)
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Nikola Tesla (1856 –1943) Serbian/American – Worked on electromagnetism and AC current. Credited with many patents from electricity to radio transmission.
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Sri Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858 – 1937)
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Sri Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858 – 1937) Bengali / Indian polymath. Bose took an interest in a wide range of sciences. He made contributions to plant physiology, microwave optics and radio waves.
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Max Planck (1858 – 1947)
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Max Planck (1858 – 1947) German theoretical physicist who contributed to the development of Quantum Mechanics. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
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Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)
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Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937) New Zealand-born British physicist / Chemist. In 1908, Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in radioactivity and the disintegration of elements. In 1917, credited with being the first person to split the atom, discovering the proton.
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Lise Meitner (1878 – 1968)
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Lise Meitner (1878 – 1968) Austrian-Swedish physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. In 1939, Meitner and Otto Hahn successfully showed the nuclear fission of uranium and correctly predicted this would create an enormous release of energy. This process is the basis of both nuclear power stations and nuclear weapons. Due to her Jewish identity, she fled Nazi-occupied Austria for Sweden where she stayed for the remainder of her life.
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Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962)
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Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) Danish physicist. Bohr developed a structure of the atom, recognising electrons revolving around a stable nucleus. His work was important for atomic structure and quantum physics. Awarded Nobel Prize for Physics 1922.
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John Logie Baird (1888 – 1946)
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John Logie Baird (1888 – 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor, who demonstrated the first televised moving objects.
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Enrico Fermi (1901 -1954)
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Enrico Fermi (1901 -1954) An Italian/American physicist who made important contributions to theoretical and experimental physics. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1938 for induced radioactivity. He went on to become the creator of the world’s first nuclear reactor which is used in nuclear power plants.
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Paul Dirac (1902-1984)
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Paul Dirac (1902-1984) English physicist – One of the early exponents of quantum physics and quantum electrodynamics. Dirac developed theories of the electron and the special theory of relativity.
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Barbara McClintock (1902 – 1992)
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Barbara McClintock (1902 – 1992) American botanist. Her pioneering discoveries relating to showed how chromosomes of maize affected its genetic structure. McClintock also discovered transposons which is a part of DNA that can change its structure and hence genetic makeup; they are sometimes known as jumping genes. For this work she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983.
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Grace Hopper (1906 – 1992)
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Grace Hopper (1906 – 1992) American computer scientist. Hopper worked as a programmer on the Harvard Mark I computer. Hopper helped to develop programming languages which translated English into code understandable by computers. This became the industry standard. Her work led to the creation of COBOL, a programming language still influential today. She also served as a rear-admiral in the US Navy.
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Rachel Carson (1907 – 1964)
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Rachel Carson (1907 – 1964) American scientist, conservationist and writer. Rachel Carson was a marine biologist who used her knowledge to become a pioneering environmentalist. Her work, Silent Spring (1962) highlighted the dangers of unregulated pesticide use. It played an important role in creating the modern ecological movement.
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Dorothy Hodgkin (1910–1994)
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Dorothy Hodgkin (1910–1994) British chemist. Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel prize for her work on critical discoveries of the structure of both penicillin and later insulin. These discoveries led to significant improvements in health care. An outstanding chemist, Dorothy also devoted a large section of her life to the peace movement and promoting nuclear disarmament.
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Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997)
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Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997) was a Chinese-American experimental physicist. She worked on the Manhattan Projects and was involved in splitting uranium through gaseous diffusion. She made significant contributions in the field of nuclear physics and was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978
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Gertrude B. Elion (1918 – 1999)
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Gertrude B. Elion (1918 – 1999) American biochemist and pharmacologist. Elion helped to discover important new drugs, such as (AZT) used in the treatment of AIDS. She also developed immunosupressive drugs to enable organ transplants and a new drug to treat virus Herpes. In 1988, with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black she was awared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for ‘important new principles of drug treatment’.
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Rosalind Franklin (1920 – 1958)
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Rosalind Franklin (1920 – 1958) British Chemist who made significant contributions to understanding the structure of DNA and RNA, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix. Franklin also worked on the chemistry of coal and viruses.
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James Watson (1928 – )
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James Watson (1928 – ) American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, with Francis Crick discovered DNA. Was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962
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21st Century Scientists
Stephen Hawking (1942 – 2018)
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Stephen Hawking (1942 – 2018) English theoretical physicist, cosmologist. Hawking has authored The Theory of Everything, and A Brief History of Time.
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Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943 – )
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Jocelyn Bell Burnell (1943 – ) UK astrophysicist from Northern Ireland. In 1967, working as a postgraduate student, she discovered the first radio pulsars. A pulsar is a highly magnetised neutron star or white dwarf. This discovery involved reading through sheets of paper and observing the anonomolies – which for a time suggested it could be life from other planets.
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